Sterilizing apparatus



Aug. 22, 1939. G. GRINDROD sTERILIzING APPARATUS 2 sheets-sheet 1 l Filed April 18, 1935 INVENTOR 1 v ArroRNEYs Aug. 22, 1939. G, GR|NDR0D A 2,170,195,4`

STERILIZING APPARATUS Fi1edjApr;1 1s, 1931s 2 sheets-sheet 2 ATTORNEYS Pereira Apg. 22, 1939 UNITED STATES vPATENT 2,179,195 s'mnmzmq aivrrum'rrs. George Grinch-od, Wil.

Application April 1s, 193s, seminal-1,9m

1o (ci. 99-2'51) My invention relates to improvements in sterilizing apparatus.

My object is to provide improved sterilizing apparatus peculiarly adapted for the sterilization of food products and other materials subject to deterioration, thermo-chemical change, avor change, or other critical reactions to high temperatures. 1

Further and more speciiic objects are to provide apparatus suitable for carrying out a. process of stepped or staged sterilization of the general character described in my companion application bearing even date herewith;- Yto provideimproved meansl for delivering to liquiform materials an unusually intense heat shock of a degree above that heretofore found to be practical in the treatment of foods; to provide means for lower` ing the death point of living organisms, including .highly resistant bacteria and'spores, preparatory to administering a final heat shock relied upon to complete their destruction; and to provide means whereby such sterilization may be carried on with such continuity as to permit of continuous packaging, with sufllcient certainty voi! complete sterilization to enable milk, milk prod- 1 ucts, and similar perishable foods to be packaged, transported, and stored indefinitely without spoilage, or at least with a percentage of loss v too small to prevent the marketing of the product with complete commercial success.

My objects include the equipment of sterilizing apparatus with vadequate regulatory equipment for delivering liquiform material in a continuous solid stre'am, devoid of free air, and maintained under mechanical pressure equilibrium with the temperature and pressure of the material while -passing through the sterilizer. y A further object is to provide an improved ster- 'ilizing column in which the material may be subjected to adiabatlcally expanding steam without material loss by condensation, and with multiple directionalv reversals insuring complete distribution-of steam within the material and substantially uniform exposure of each .particle of material to the desired degree of temperature for a predetermined brief period of time, such as may aptly be referredy to as momentary. jIn the drawings-2 Figure 1 illustrates conventionally a preferred sequence of elements or members of my improved apparatus from the time of preliminary treatment to final packaging and retort sterilization.

^ Figure 2 is a view, partly in elevation and partly. 'in section, showing a rotary heat exchanger adapted for use in preparing Athe material for a' major heat shock delivered to the adiabatically expanding steam.

maienai by' Figure l3 is an elevational view, 'partly in vertical section, of a column sterilizer in whichthe aforesaid maior heat shock is delivered. Figure 4- is a plan view of the base portion of said column sterilizer. i

Figure 5 is -a sectional view, drawn generally tov line 5--5 ofFigure 4.

Figure e is a. sectional view drawn to une s-s 71o of Figure 3.

Figure 7 is a detail sectional view of one of the control valves, with an interchangeable capacity determining ported member.

. Like parts are identified by the same reference characters throughout the several views.

Parts not illustrated in detail or in section Amay be assumed to be of ordinary construction, insofar as their internal structure an'd accessories .are concerned. For that reason theyv are illustrated conventionally, a conventional illustration being sufiiclent to disclose their cooperative relation to theother elements and members of my improved apparatus. As indicated in Figure 1, the material to b sterilized may be drawn by suction orldelivered by any suitable means from a vat I Il through a pipe H into a sterilizing chamber l2. This sterilizing chamber may be assumed to correspond with that disclosed inv my former Patent Reissue No. 19,193, dated June 5, 1934. In such a chamber, steam may be delivered upwardly into the material through upwardly pointed nozzles I mounted in the base or lower portion.

With a suiiicient number, and with a distribution of nozzles I l proportionate to' the quantity of material in the chamber, the temperature of the material may be raised from room temperature ranging from approximately 212 F. to 230 F. within one or two minutes. The exact degree of heat to be applied at this stage'is not critical and 'is subject to considerable variation with reference to the nature of the'material to be treated. Ihe maximum temperature may be momentary in duration, a few seconds being sufiicient.

The lsteam is permitted to flow through the ma- .terial and .escape through a vent I4 provided with a valveat I5` which controls the temperature and pressure in the manner set forth in -said former patent, and also lallows a great volume of steam to flow through the material for the described brief period, whereby a heat shock is administered of sufllcient severity to destroy less resistantbacteria and impair the vitality of the surviving organisms, including spores. The mate- -pipe into a storage chamber 2E.

- livery of the material into the sterilizing charn- While I have referred to the steam treatment in the chamber l2 as a means for subjecting the material to an initial heat shoclr, it is to be understood that the major purpose of this initial steam treatment is the stabilization of the material itself against coagulation, and to some extent against fat separation. With some materials it is desira ble for the purpose of completing and stabilizing a mixture of diderent ingredients which would otherwise tend to separate. "This treatment may have little effect. upon, or be a small factor in,

the inal destruction oi'the more highly resistant organisms, but it tends to arrest bacterial action and muliplication, and if desired the temperature may be brought to a stage in which the total number of bacteria will be considerably reduced.

The material thus treated may be allowed to accumulate in the storage chamber, and succesi.

sive batches may be delivered to the storage chamber from the chamber i2 and held in the storage chamber for several hours without deterioration, or even from one day to the next, although preferably .not materially exceeding one full 2li-hour day.

The pump tu, preferably a continuous delivery rotary gear type, may be employed to draw the material from the bottom of the storage chamber 26 and deliver it under pressure through a rotary heat exchanger 3|. A. motor 32 is employed to actuate the pump 3@ and drive the rotary member of the heat exchanger ill through.`

suitable pulleys and a belt 33. The steam in cavity 39 (Figure 2) heats the iilm of material in annular cavity 4B. The steam supply pipe l has a valve t2 controlled by pressure regulator 43.

A by-pass 35 connects the inlet pipe 36 of the pump 3U with the outlet pipe 31 leading to the heatexchanger 3|, and a suitable pressure regulating relief valve 38 controls deliveries through pipe 35 to pipe 36, whereby to maintain constant pressure in the pipe 31 as predetermined by the setting of the relief valve.

Since the sterilizing procedure hereinafter. described may be carried'on at temperatures considerably above those developed in the heat exchanger, the material may be under a. vapor pressure considerably in excess of that in the heat exchanger 3|. Therefore the relief valve 38 is set to maintain a corresponding pressure, independently of the temperature, in the heat exchanger The metering pump 45 receives the material from the outlet of the heat exchanger 3| and delivers it through heater 5G into -a separating chamber'i, from which excess steamand dissolved alr may be removed preparatory to a deber for administration of the maior sterilizing heat shock.

Inasmuch as exact metering is important, the pressure regulating relie! valve 3B is depended upon to maintain the pressure at the inlet of the pump 45 in correspondence with the desired temperature and pressure in the sterillzer 60.' The armies pump t5 is provided with variable speed control mechanism indicated at 45 in Figure l, and it is also provided with a revolution indicator or tachometer 4l.

Any pumping mechanism may be employed which is capable of producing a non-pulsatingiow without slippage. By ,employing a rotary' gear pump and having the pressures balancedat the inlet and outlet, deliveries may be controlled to within less than one pound per square inch of variation and in a non-pulsating continuous stream. I

However, the metered material may pms through the pump 45 at a pressure considerably in excess of its temperature equivalent, and I therefore employ the heater 5|! to bring the temperature and pressure into substantial equilibrium by injecting steam from a supply pipe 48 directly intothe material passing through the heating chamber 50, which may be assumed to be o a generally cylindrical form having its outlet connected with the separating chamber 5i by a pipe Qt. By injecting steam into the moving stream of material in suiilcient volume and at a sumciently high temperature, the temperature of the material may be almost instantly brought into equilibrium with the pressure. However, I prefer to iniect a volume of steam slightly in excess of these requirements and deliven the material downwardly in the separating chamber 5I through a non-splashing outlet member 52. From the top of the chamber the excess steam and dissolved air may be released through the pipe 553 and a. valve 54, which is automatically controlled by a reversely acting diaphragm pressure regulator 55 of ordinary type which operates to open the valve 54 whenever` the pressure in the chamber Lbecomes slightly in excess of the predetermined pressure at which the sterllizer 6l is to operate.

Air under pressure is supplied to the upper side oi the diaphragm 55 through a pipe 56 controlled by a valve at 59, which automatically Opens under vapor pressure derived from chamber 5| through pipe'SS. Such pressure regulator mechanisms being in common use, further description is deemed unnecessary. Any means for controlling the release of excess steam and air from the chamber 5| and maintaining the mate- .,rial in Asaid chamber constantly at the desired temperature and pressure may be employed, if suiiiciently instantaneous in operation and adjustment.

The sterllizer SI is novel in structure and mode of'cperation. It utilizes steam jets injected directly into the material at a temperature higher than that o! the material, and as this tends to set up a. pulsation or surge in the supply coming from the chamber 5|, I employ a turbine pump 6| and operate it at a 'speed in excess oi requirements and in excess of the supply from chamber li, that chamber being kept constantly empty or substantially empty. The material falling bygravity from the chamber 5| and en -tering the pump 6| is instantly driven through may maintain a. temperature ashigh as 280 l".

ieee: tnepump n win be meinteinedat e ecr-V entiresystemfromtheoutpressure, regardless'o! Vits temperutilize the turbine pump in thema'nerabovedescribedtopreventthesteam Al above stated, the steriliser is novel in strucand mode of operation, and I will therefore it with particular reference to Figures 4, 5, and B `'rire material is delivered by the turbinepump I I pipe i2 and its branches I3 and ends of the base portion of the steriis delivered into the cavities II and d cavities1| ,andsets oi expansion nozzles". The nonies each axially aligned with similarly formed outlet nozzles 1I ofjlarger capacity in Esi the opposite walls of these cavities Il and Il, i

whereby the steam and the material which it encounters-is driven into a central cavity 01 and upwardly through an outlet I I into the column 1l. Each nozzle 1i is not only paired with a nozzle 1l, but these pairs or nom'les are aligned with. and opposedto, corresponding nozzles associated with thecavity 65, whereby the streams of material and steam will be jetted with great in the nozzles 1i. Owing to the high temperature of the material, there isa minimum possible loss of energy, the released energy being converted into superheat. 'The steam does not condenseY into the liquid since the liquid is in pressure and temperature equilibrium with the exhaust pres-r sure of the nozzles. Accordingly, substantially all of the energy'of `the adiabatically expanding steam becomes kinetic energy. The energy conver-ted .into superheat produces Asome evaporation of liquid, and the weight of 'steam per unit of time which 'passes upwardly through the column v`il is therefore 'slightly greater'than the weight of 'the steam admitted to the homies;

It willbeobservedinFlgure lthatasteam supply pipe Il, employed Ato deliver steam to the heater 5l through lthe pipe may also be `made toserve as thesource of supply P0 the ports 1I -of Vthe sterilizer il, this pipe E" being connected by a pipe Il and branch pipes n (Figure 4) with the steriiizer steam irilet port 13. A diaphragm controlled valve mech anism at 85, similar in construction and opera-A tion to that above deacribedforcontrolling the outlet valve 5 4 of the 5i, may be employed to accurately control-and pre-determine the pressure and Yvolume of the steam admitted through the pipe Si.

van important part in the sterilization. 'of the product, and 'that the control of the time interval must be relatively accurate. 'The opposed adiabatic expansion nozzles above described have 'been found capable of producing an extreme steruizing efreetwitnin e' time .intervalwhich may bei aptly regarded as immeasurably short.

(Figui-e 4), inte'eaviues is and "-(Figure 5),

bese through end porte-1a, diminutive I regard it es desirable te provide auxiliary means for controljoi' the time interval and for its prolongation, for the following reason.

For many liquiiorm products I have found it simpler and less expensive to' operate at moderate 5 expansion temperatures and pressures in the vicinity of.270 F. than to operate'at higher temperatures and pressures, and in order to extend --the time interval of exposure to such temperatures and increase the oertaintyof exposure of 10 every living organism directly to such temperatures or to contacts with particles ot steam at such temperatures, I employ lauxiliary equipment which Ihave designated as a'plate column, this being the column 10 heretofore referred to. 15

'I'he wall of the chamber Il'is cylindrical, and within the chamber, I superpose a series of rings or short sleeves, the'outer Vsurfaces oi which nt against the chamber wall. Each of the rings Il carries a centrally disposed perforate or fraggg 'mentary partition Il. In the construction shown, these partitions have a series of apertures 93 (Figure 6), e circling an axially disposed rod Il. Between Ve partitions 92, spacing sleeves 95 are mounted upon the rod 5 4 and each provided 25 `with i a centrally disposed radially extending ilange 9| adapted to serve as a baille. These ilanges Il extend across the pathof material coming through the apertures Il and deect such material outwardly until it can pass around the $0 outer margin `of the baile.

The material driven upwardly through this leeiurrm` is violently agitated and its direction;

of movement constantly reversed.

vThe material is driven through this column from the bottom to the top and outwardlyfrom the column through the pipe l1 into a reservoir therefore determined by several factors, as Iollows:

The volume of liquid for unit of time.

The volume of steam delivered through *t "to a certain depth dependent upon the relative 50 volumes ofI liquid and steam. and the velocity of the steam passing upwardly.

As an example of the combination oi' conditions under which this improved sberilizi!!! unit maybe used, it may be assumed that liquid materialisrbeing metered at the rate of three gallons per minute'and that the steam nonies are of such size as to deliver one pound oi steam for eachve pounds of material. The combined liquid and steam will `thenjpreferslaily be disso charged into a plate column having sixteen pairs o! plate partitions and Vdisl'r-like baiiies so spaced that the vertical distance between the i'ace oi' each plate and the under surface of each disk is 1% inches. The total cubical capacity oirof the column will then approximate 2% times the volume of the liquid which passes through it during an interval of 30seconds. Underthese `conditions the velocity ofthe steam will be such that it will-'elevate the liquid but maintain lall '10 average depth or layer' of material non each 'partition plate and baille disk equal to approximately 40% 'of the total depth of the intervening spaces, the steam approximately ofthe total available space in the column. Ap- '75 me time interval within the column is A parently the condition of the liquid is one of violent agitation with a continual spraying upwardly at the margins of the apertures and the outer margins of the bailies. The material le probably carried violently through each aperture and driven against the under surface of the superposed bame, and by reaction, against the upper surface of the partition through which it was received in that particular space.

In this manner, if complete sterility is not produced in the nozzles and receiving cavity Sl, the time interval vof exposure to heat may be sufiiciently prolonged in the column to increase the eterilizing elciency. Substantially all particles of the material are subjected to a uniform time interval under the temperature thus predetermined. Measurements of sterilizing elciency indicate that the mean time interval of iiow through the column deviates slightly from the effective time interval for complete sterilization if the number of plates is small, and apparently this loss of 'emciency is inversely proportional to the number of the plates.

In sterilizers of this type thus far tested, I have found that when the number of pairs of plates and disks is in excess of ten, a few plates more or less do not indicate any great variationvin elciency, although an increase in eiliciency can be detected by most precise methods. The variation is dimcult to measure unless variation in the number of plates and disks is considerable.

For. equipment requiring absolute sterilization with minimum time of heat exposure, l'. prefer to use approximately 30 pairs of plates and rings and find that the time interval of exposure to heat and the time interval effective for accomplishing complete sterilization correspond very 'closely and with sufcient accuracy for commarcial purposes in the sterilization of food products containing milk and .similar products requiring that the time interval of exposure to heat be kept at a minimum, and also requiring, orat least making desirable.' redispersion and stabilization of coagulable material, and stabilization against separation oi solids which would othe separate.

Since the mean time interval of ow through the column is to a considerable extent dependent upon the ratio oi' steam to the volume of liquid, it is evident that the pressure of the steam entering the expanding nozzles controls to a certain extent the time interval of exposure, and within certain limits it is practicable to adjust the time interval of ilow through the column by regulating this inlet pressure. Gther conditions being equal, the higher the inlet pressure the shorter will be the time interval of exposure to heat, although the variation will not bear av numerical ratio.l

-The time interval of exposure in the column probably varies as the cube oi' the mean velocity of the steam passing through the column. Also, the volume of the steam in the column variesfin accordance with the function of its inlet pressure, but not numerically in accordance therewith.

The numerical relationship between the inlet pressure and the time interval in the column is quite complex, and an arbitrary calibration of time interval with respect to inlet pressure for a nozzle of a given size should ordinarily be made for each apparatus, and by this `:orleans it will be found practicable to bring about limited varia.-

tions in the time interval by regulation of inlet" pressure.

By such calibration it should be found practiarmies cable to construct a column calculated for delivery of material in a continuous stream with a 30- second time interval of exposureto heat in the base and column. After calculating the dimensions of such a column with reasonable accuracy for a. given rate of ow with a given nozzle size and inlet pressures, then the time interval may be reduced as low as 20 seconds by increasing the inlet pressure a few pounds per square inch. On the other hand, it will be found practicable to y increase the time of exposure to heat by approximately 50% by reducing the inlet pressure. These variations of inlet pressure may be determined by the setting of any ordinary automatic controller.

If greater changes in time interval are desired for a column of the above mentioned type, it will ordinarily be necessary or desirable to reorganize the column as to diameter and spacing of its plates and disks.

From the time of admission to the heat exchanger. to the time of delivery from the top of the column will ordinarily require about 40 seconds.

The column sterilizer above described will ordinarlly be operated-at temperatures considerably in excess of those practicable to employ in other methods of sterilization. Ordinarily commercial sterilization by steam under pressure is accomplished within a. temperature range of 240 F. to 250 F., these lower temperatures being necessary in the conventional types of retort sterilization because of the time required to secure penetration of heat and subsequent withdrawal of heat,

whereas in my column sterilizer there is no measurable lag of heat penetration and Withdrawal. Consequently the time interval may be accurately gauged and sumciently reduced in duration to permit utilization of these higher temperatures. The rate of destruction of bacterial spores is known to have a logarithmic curve, such that the time interval of exposure to temperature to accomplish a given sterilization becomes extremely short at the higher ranges, of temperature available to this column sterilizer.

For example, a given sterilization may be accomplished in 40 minutes by heat penetration to a temperature of 240 F. The same degree of sterilization may be accomplished in three minutes at 260 F., in .85 of a. minute at 270 in in'.65 of a minute at 272 F., and at .22 of a minute at 280F. Therefore, it is obvious that the cubical capacity of the column may be made very small with reference to the output per hour, whereas if the column were operated at a lower temperature the cubical capacity would require to be greatly increased in order to maintain such output.

But for reasons of economy in the use of steam it is objectionable to employ temperatures much higher than those above mentioned as the working temperatures of my improved sterilizing column. The higher -the temperature to which the material is elevated the greater Will be the cost of steam to accomplish sterilization, since a greater weight oi' steam will have to be flowed through the nozzles and the column. Consequently, a. compromise working range will ordinarily be adopted which will be represented by a temperature range between 260 F. and 280 F.

. The discharge from the column l through the pipe 91 will consist of a mixture of steam and entrained material. It is delivered by the pipe 91 into a closed reservoir 98. This reservoir is similar` to the separator chamber and ordiing oi condensate or cleansing ,iiuid out oi' the vaivenes i if the mstcrlal lc be sterilized contains highly nary not illustrated, may-oi' course be employed to facilitate complete separation of the material from .the outgoing steam.

This Vcontrol may be accomplished by a reverselyacting exhaust valve mechanism '99 similar to the valve 54 and its controlling diaphragm chamber 5l. 'I'he setting of the controller of this relief valve determines the back pressure upon the column and therefore the temperature of the materlalin the column above the receiving cavity l1 at the nozzle outlets.

'nre material ln the chamber as drops by 4 outilow .of any material amount of steam. Such a valve is preferable to the-float valves ordinarily employed to control deliveries from a receiving chamber, for the reason that it is not dependent nponthe character of the material which is being handied,`whereas a viscous liquid or a liquid containing entrained solids orgranular material could not be controlled by means of a iioat valve. It is particularly desirable to discharge the material immediately after it enters the receiver I8 in order that it may be cooled as quickly as possible. An auxiliary valve IIS-is preferably provided to permit delivery of waste material or the drain- .chamber 98 preparatory toa sterilizing operation.

Uponpassing through the valve l the matethe'packages lil to be through a pack-l aging machine indicated at H2.

Y Prom the packaging machine the filled and u purpose oi explaining my improved apparatus sealed packages H3 are delivered to a retort stermay be ofany ordinary construction, they are herein conventionally illustrated merely for wha: installed for continuous operation under sterileconditiom with provision for re-heating' intberetortsterllixer IM toensurethe destructionoialrbornebacterla ifany In the retort re-heating may be of brief duration and the temperature may be comparatively low. Ordinarily la retort sterilization of ten minutes duration at a temperature oi' about 212 to 230"v will be sumcient.

Ii' thesterilizer Il is employed toradminister a preliminary heatshock, and if the conditions are nich as to eliminate the danger of rein'fection' n tlcnm-becmlacdnlemlntnetreatmenccf tosterilizecertainmafcals Also, it is possible by means of the column sterilizer alone. although .I do not recommend complete dependence uponu as anindependent sterilizing unit ilizer indicated at' IM. Inasmuch as the filling`- machine, retort sterillzer, and associated parts should have ini'ected the material. 1

resistant organisms.

Ordinarily the column sterllizer should be used in association with means for predetermining the pressure independently of the temperature', and then accurately metering the material and bring#- ing its .temperature into equalization' with the pressure preparatory ltoits delivery into the paths of the steam jets at the base of the column. These preliminary steps should be taken to avoid use oi.' an excessive amount of steam and loss of energy and .to avoid at least some probable inescapable reduction in sterilizing eiilciency.

In the drawings and the foregoing description I have disclosed my invention in its vpreferred. formas employed for .the sterilization of food compounds containing vegetable material and milk cr milk products. I believe the particular f products so produced are novel and incapable of production by any sterilizing equipment heretofore known, since the temperature and time factors applicable to ensure complete sterilization oi such vegetable material have heretofore been found .to be. destructive of milk and milk compounds.

But while I have disclosed apparatus designed for meeting these extreme conditions, it should not be understood .that all of the disclosed equipment is necessary for the complete ,destruction of less highly resistant bacteria cr fo' the destruction oi the most highly resistant l teria when thematerials treated can withstand higher or more prolonged temperatures.

Also, the degree of sterilization required for commercial production and marketing of any given material will vary greatly with diiierences in materials, diiierences in products, and difierences-in storing and marketing methods.

' Therefore, my invention subject to an un l usually wide range of modication with reference to the nature oi' the operation and the character and quality of the material to be treated, and

other conditions typeed in the foregoing enumeration.

In the ,construction illustrated, all parts oi' the apparatus from the pump 38 to the chamber 98, inclusive, may be regarded as one sterilizer or sterilizing unit, and the time for any given particle or portion of the material to travel from the pump 30 through .the column- 1li may be so short as to be aptly referred to as momentary by comparison with `ordinary methods of sterilization,

requiring from- 20 to 90 minutes. However, the

sterilizer 0 with its column 'Il may be used either independently or in association with any other means for pre-heating the material and deliverying it across the path or paths o! one or' more highly resistant organisms which it is necessary l to exterminate..

It will also be understood that in the foregoing specincation the terms lcomplete sterility and complete destruction otvliving org may g have variable significance as applied to diil'erent and diii'erent products, Therefore, in u its entirety the apparatus illustrated is to be un- Y ture of a duration calculated to permit certain reactions tooccur, whereby the death point of such orga as survive a pre heat shock may be sufciently reduced to cause them to succumb to a later shock oi either a greater'or less intensity.

` However, for 'many purposes, apparatus herein disclosed is capable of independent use in whole or in part, and particularly the Sterilizing unit which includes the Dl '111m' 1S Cambie of being used independently oi the other parts o the mechanism, and independently of m. =r method of stepped or staged sterilization. For these reasons the. method is not herein claimed the method being made the subject oi a separate application, Serial No. 59,221, hled January ld, 1936, for Sterile iood products and processes oi manufacturing such products.

For liquiiorm materials containing or other materials subject to thermo-chemical and avor change', the various elements of my improved apparatus cooperate to enable me to not only obtain exact regulation of the time and tem perature factors, but to produce stabilized products with natural avcrs and their characteristics substantially unchanged By this means I have made it possible to produce completely sterile canned food products from mixtures oi milk and fresh vegetables, including peas, beans, spinach, onions, carrots and asparagus, such products retaining substantially the natural characteristics of freshly prepared soups e from the same ingredients. Such 'canned foods are an entirely new corciai product.

I claim:

1. Sterilizing apparatus including a sterilimng chamber provided with means for continuously vdelivering material thereto in a non-pulsating stream, associated means for heating the material to a ldesired Sterilizing temperature and removing air therefrom immediately prior to its deliveryto said chamber, expander nozzles having walls exposed to the heat of the terial, said nozzles being connected to deliver steam into the inlet portion of said chamber to drive the material through said berV by kinetic energy, said .tu f being formed and adapted to cleliver all particles oi the material 'therethrough in a turbulent stream within :.'tantially the same predetermined period of time. f

2. Sterilizing apparatus including a Sterilizing chamber provided with means for continuously delivering material thereto, associated means for heating the material to a desired Sterilizing tem-l perature and removing air therefrom immediately prior to its delivery to said chamber, expander nozzles having Walls exposed to the heat of the material, said nozzles being adapted for adiabatically expanding steam to develop its kinetic energy without condensation, said nozzles being also connected and adapted to deliver such vsteam Y into said chamber at the temperature of the material therein to drive such material through the armies chamber, said chamber being elongated and prol vided with direction changing and obstructions and having its cross Sectional dimensions so proportioned to the volume oi material and steam delivered thereto as to substantially maintain a uniform rate of ow for all of the particles.

3. Sterilizing apparatus including a ste chamber provided with means *for continuously delivering material thereto and associated means for heating the material to a desired, Sterilizing temperature immediately prior to its delivery to said chamber, means for delivering adiabatically expanded steam into said material at the inlet end of said chamber at the temperature oi the material, said nozzles being formed and adapted to develop the sufficient kinetic energy to drive such material through the chamber at a predetermined rate, said chamber being proportioned in cross sectional capacity to the volume of the material and steam delivered thereto, whereby expansion and condensation within the chamber may be avoided.

i. The combination of means for' heating a confined continuously owing stream oi material to a. vSterilizing temperature, means for releasing air and suicient steam therefrom to predeter-l mine such temperature, an elongated sterilizing chamber having an inlet connected to receive 'said stream of 'material immediately after passing said temperature predetermining means, and steam ,ietnozzles subject to corresponding heat and adapted for delivery of steam into the maconfined continuously owing stream of material to a Sterilizing temperature, means for releasing air and suiicicnt steam therefrom to predetermine such temperature, an elongated steriiizing chr having an inlet connected to receive said stream of material from said air releasing and temperature predetermining means, and steam jet nozzles provided with means for subiecting them to corresponding heat and adapted for delivery of steam into the material at the temperature thereof and at the inlet portion of said chamber, said sterilizer being formed to provide a passage for the material and steam so proportioned in cross sectional dimension as to tain a continuous rate of flow and substantially accurate and uniform timing of the interval of .exmsure ci' each particle to the heat of the steam.

6. A high temperature sterilizer for momentary and 'uniform heat treatment of a continuously iiowing conned stream of material, including to deliver such steam into the material adjacent the inlet end of said chamber.

7. Sterilizing apparatus including a columnar Sterilizing chamber provided with means for con- -tinuously delivering material to the lower end and the length of the passage through said f thereof, associated means for heating the material to a desired sterilizing temperature immedi ately prior to its delivery to said chamber, means for delivering adiabatically expanded steam into said material at the inlet end of said chamber substantially at the temperature of the material and with suiiicient kinetic energy to drive the material through said chamber at a. predetermined rate of speed, said chamber being provided with direction changing obstructions and forming a passage having a capacity of approximately two and one-half times the cross. sectional dimensions oi the stream of material entering said chamber, and said steam nozzles having a proportionate capacity adapted ,to drive all particles of material through the chamber at substantially the same rate of speed, whereby timing of the particles in said `chamber may be predetermined with. a high degree of precision and the material delivered through said chamber at a rate permitting maintenance of temperatures of about 260 degrees F. or above without material thermo'chemical or flavor change.

`8. 'I'he combination with a closed passageway and a tubular sterilizing column having its base portion connected to receive liquid from said passageway, of means for delivering material from said passageway into the chamber in a continuous non-pulsating stream, means for injecting' steam into the material preparatory to its entry into the chamber and in a volume suiiicient to instantly raise its temperature to a desired sterilizing temperature, and nozzles for injecting steam into the inlet portion of said chamber, said nozzles being subject tothe heat of the material and formed to develop the kinetic energy of the steam to drive the material through said chamber, said passage and chamber being proportioned for maintenance oi.' a solid continuously owing stream'of material, .whereby all of the particles may be exposed to heat for a precise period of- -time predetermined by the form of thel nozzles and their capability oi' developing kinetic energy sterilizing chamber. l

9. The combination with a closed passageway and a tubular sterilizing column having its base portion connected to receive liquid from said passageway, of means for delivering material from said passageway into the chamber in a continuous non-pulsating stream, means for injecting steam into the material preparatory to its entry into the chamber and in a volume sumcien't to instantly raise its temperature to a desired sterilizing temperature, and nozzles for injecting steam into the inlet portion of said chamber, said nozzles being subject to the heat of the material and formed to develop the kinetic energy oi' the steam to drive the material through said chamber, said passage and chamber being proportioned for maintenance of a solid continuously flowing stream of material, whereby all of the particles may be exposed to heat for a precise period of time predetermined by the form of the nozzles and their capability of developing kinetic energy and the length of the passage through said sterilizing chamber, said chamber being 'formed to maintain directional changes and turbulence in the material during its passage therethrough.

10. In a sterilizing apparatus of the described class, a columnar sterilizing chamber in combination with a pump adapted to deliver material to the lower end of said chamber in a continuous non-pulsating stream, means for raising the temperature of said stream to a predetermined sterllizing temperature, and means for delivering a regulated volume of steam into such material at the base of said chamber and with sumcient kinetic energy to drive all particles of material.

through the chamber at substantially the same speed, said chamber and its connections being proportioned in capacity and adapted for delivery A of a solid air-free stream of material therethrough, whereby its temperature andy the time for exposure of the particles to heat may be accurately predetermined.

, GEORGE GRINDROD. 

